The Eiffel Tower, Europe’s well known landmark and Paris’s most famous symbol was at first very dreary because many thought that the structure of something that high would not stay up including other faults but time changed everything and engineers turned every head. At any moment you hear or see anything pertaining to Paris there is the Eiffel Tower up front and centered. The Eiffel tower is a representation, symbol of Paris. It “belongs to the universal language of travel” Roland Barthes said. He calls it an “utter less useless monument” because everyone gets excited to see an empty thousand feet tall landscape that cannot be compared to a museum. Everyone wants to ‘site see’ the ‘inside’ as though you cannot see it already from the outside. Why? Is the question here.  Even though Roland spoke of the tower being “nothing, and achieves a kind of zero degree of monument,” he also explains the symbolic function of the Eiffel Tower. The Eiffel tower as an object and a symbol that was not designed to be a statue to symbolize anything, it has it principles of being one of the most initiative and attractive to tourists. Would Paris be known as one of the cities of romance if the Eiffel Tower wasn’t there, excluding all its other attractions? Paris admits itself to be encouraged as the city of love and lovers sipping on tea and coffee at the café. The magic of the Eiffel Tower when at the top, overlooking the city and its pleasures and dreams, you can get that love is in the air everywhere you look. The Bird’s Eye view came into notion fifty years before the Eiffel Tower works such as the Notre Dame de Paris (The Hunchback of Notre Dame) and Michelet’s Tableau Chronologique, where you can be at the top and feel as though you can probably see the world. For example Barthes said, “The tower is the only blind point of the total optical (visual) system of which it is the center and Paris is its circumference” (pg. 4). Complimenting Paris and The Eiffel Tower for attracting many such as artists and lovers; it is like a ‘souvenir’ that people treasure. Furthermore in his conclusion, Barthes might have implied that anyone who goes there can also express themselves in so many ways one can imagine. Therefore, saying that the Eiffel Tower is indeed a very unimportant object that is also at ease to look at.

Language is used to express thought. In actuality language consists of sounds (words) that portray a thought. Without language explanations would be very broad and vague. Saussure explains how language works. You have a concept thats connected to sounds which are called the signifiers and the signified. Saussure believes that language has value in and of itself and is not random sounds that create an image or idea. I believe that there is unlimited amounts of ways to express an idea. Language is not limited. Saussure says that the system of language is created by differences in sounds and differences in ideas. This concept was a little difficult to grasp but I have concluded that language and what it consists of does not have one concrete meaning.

I found it very interesting to learn about the Syntagmatic Relations. The placement of words in a sentence can determine the meaning of the thought. A sentence is never concrete. If you rearrange the words and emphasis on words in the same sentence, you could end up with a different meaning entirely. This ties back to my belief that language is never concrete and there is an unlimited amount of words to create ideas. Saussure also explains Associative Relations and how words with similar sounds are linked together. This is completely different from linguistic structure and falls under a symbolic expression. I was always under the impression that language and linguistics were pretty concrete but after reading this article it seems as if language is a very vague concept. So many theories are linked to but its functions are quite specific.
I like that Saussure refers to language as a chess game. According to him language is separated into two parts, langue and parole. Langue is the utterances and words. It is the part of language that has rules and is limited in numbers. Parole is compared to the moves in chess. There are an infinite amount of moves in chess and it is a concept that it more free and infinite. Language speaks you, you don’t speak language. Langue is learned and absent while parole is something that cannot be seen but could be heard and we could learn from it. This was a difficult topic to grasp, so the analogy was perfect. Grammar is an example of language but ways to express concepts is an example of parole. Saussure is known for this theory, and it is a valid one at that.

There has been some confusion regarding the Barthes reading, so let me lay it all out here to make sure we’re all on the same page:

• tomorrow we will wrap up our discussion of Jakobson and (I hope) get through most of the Barthes pieces (i.e., the collection in the Norton + the .pdf of the later Eiffel Tower essay on Dropbox)
• I did not post study questions for the Barthes stuff, since it’s a bit more practical than theoretical in a sense
• the syllabus states that a post is due for tomorrow, but since some students were confused by the lack of study questions (and, hey, I’m glad you noticed they weren’t there!), let’s have Post #3 due by Friday (you can write about Jakobson, Barthes, or de Man).

Elliot talks about tradition and the individual talent as a way to demonstrate how the past is involved in the present. The idea that one must compare among past artists and writers makes me think about the idea of repetition. In history we are always asked to study the past therefore we may not repeat it. Elliot gives this idea that “the past should be altered by the present as much as the present is directed by the past”. Therefore we must reflect both the past and the present to give a certain poet or artist meaning. We are given the same “materials” but they are never used in the same way. This makes it traditionally sound, but it does not mean they are the same. For that reason Elliot attempts to demonstrate that the new is never better than the past. 

        I am rather confused with the statement that Elliot stated that regarded about what we “know”. It just seems as though he attempts to demonstrate that our knowledge does come from the past writers and artists, and for this we cannot claim that we are better than the past. We use their work as a basis and build off of it. However the idea of what we “know” intrigues me because taking philosophy we question where our knowledge comes from.  Elliot points out the fact that Shakespeare received “ more essential history from Plutarch than … the British Museum”. Shakespeare gained the knowledge from someone in the past and therefore built upon it.The time that we are in makes it rather difficult to be as creative as the past authors and artists. For that reason we use their knowledge and experiences to help build our own. We take on the lives and knowledge of the past which then relates to tradition. 

      Another important concept that Elliot describes is the idea that “ it is not the greatness, the intensity, of the emotions, the components, but the intensity of the artistic process”. Reading this quote made me think of a character that had no emotions and showed the idea of existentialism. Albert Camus wrote The Stranger, in a way where the character had no emotions and no intensity but it showed his artistic process as a writer. The character in the story went through some horrible experiences and the reader is pushed to not leave any sadness for this character because of his emotions. Albert Camus used literary elements in this novel to portray the idea of religion and the purpose of life. At the same time he had published this novel, he had also published a book called The Myth of Sisyphus. This idea was based off of Greek Mythology and so Camus used the idea that he had learned about the Greek Mythology into his own writing. This included the ideas of the absurd and human life.

I really loved how Nietzsche described the co-arision of a prison and a fortress from our so-called “vocabulary of truth.” A few years ago I read a really interesting article about that I tried to find about how metaphors are used to color and solidify abstract concepts – to make them within reach of human beings.

Wait, I think I found it! Here it is. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/12/opinion/12brooks.html

In this article, David Brooks writes “it’s probably important to pause once a month or so to pierce the illusion that we see the world directly. It’s good to pause to appreciate how flexible and tenuous our grip on reality actually is.” Very Nietzschean. We create an artificial reality using language as a marker, but once we deconstruct the vocabulary we use to describe the world, we indeed have no choice but to take note of how delusional our understanding of the world is. Brooks then goes on to say that “if much of our thinking is shaped and driven by metaphor, then the skilled thinker will be able to recognize patterns, blend patterns, apprehend the relationships and pursue unexpected likenesses.” I think T.S. Eliot would appreciate this sentiment a lot, and it’s sort of in keeping with the reasoning behind why we might have been assigned these two essays one after each other.

Anyways, now to contextualize this academically within a Nietzschean framework:

From a preliminary reading of the text, I was really interested in how one would, in a Nietzschean sense, “cast off the mark of servitude” and “”become the master of itself.”

Although my understanding of this particular essay is a little bit tenuous, it would seem to be that even though human beings are beholden to language as a synthetic, aesthetic project, those with a “liberated intellect” are able to use metaphorical frameworks as a “mere climbing frame and plaything on which to perform its most reckless tricks; and when it smashes this framework, jumbles it up and ironically re-assembles it, pairing the most unlike things and dividing those things which are closest to one another it reveals the fact that it does not require those makeshift aids of neediness, and that it isn now guided, not by concepts but by intuitions.” A tertiary question I have is how one obtains a liberated intellect. More importantly, I think that Nietzsche is suggesting that even though men (and inferably women) use language, one could at least still be subversive within the confines of this prison that language creates; to constantly destroy and create within language, mastering it in a sense and continuously evolving it in service of one’s intuition, not their mind.

Nietzsche states that this “man of intuition, standing in the midst of a culture, reaps directly from his intuitions not just protection from harm but also a constant stream of brightness, a lighting of spirit, redemption, and release.” It seems that, if one wants to be successful within Nietzsche’s eyes, one must strive to be a man of intuition. Nietzsche seems to be condemning neediness above everything. It’s not using language that is a failure on humanity’s part, but needing it, being unable to deconstruct or change it. Truth is beyond the scope of a mortal being. However, the difference between a stoic man and man of intuition is that one is genuinely inured from harm, and one simply wears a mask, circumventing both harm and redemption.

“Every nation, every race, has not only its own creative, but its own critical turn of mind; and is even more oblivious of the shortcomings and limitations of its critical habits than of those of its creative genius.”

In this article, Eliot engages in a lot of interesting questions informed by pre-existing literary traditions, or rather the significance of new poetry in relation to these pre-existing literary traditions. I apologize in advance, because my thought process tends to be slightly non-linear, but these are the notes I have to offer from my reading of the text:

Part One:

1). Eliot begins this essay by commenting on how western (American) culture tends to devalue critical thought and underscore the importance of individuality within a text. I think his use of the word “isolate” is very interesting, in his quote “We dwell with satisfaction upon the poet’s difference from his predecessors, especially his immediate predecessor; we endeavor to find something that can be isolated in order to be enjoyed.” Eliot seems to be a little snarky in this quote – he’s not critical of the poetic traditions being formed by our cultural moment in time, but rather, how our poetic tradition is currently evaluated. It’s how we read poetry that is the problem. By trying to fragment a poem, and isolate a specific turn of phrase or stylistic technique, we are deconstructing it and committing a sort of epistemic violence against a text. In this regard, I think Eliot is quite right. It becomes a fools errand to try and distill what makes a poem special, since it’s hard to read something without being informed by a specific context. Usually, reading a text in it’s entirety with a historical or authorial background helps to achieve a deeper understanding and appreciation for a work.

Eliot continues: “Whereas if we approach a poet without this prejudice we shall often find that not only the best, but the most individual parts of his work may be those in which the dead poets, his ancestors, asset their immortality most vigorously.” Eliot is arguing that poetry informed by different literary traditions tends to be good not despite, but because of their service to “the dead poets.”

2). “Novelty is better than repetition.” Eliot is quick however to refute the inevitable critique following these quotes, that without some sort of novelty/individuality/originality, poetry as well as all other art-forms would stagnate.

The following quote seemed really important to me:
“Tradition is a matter of much wider significant. It cannot be inherited, and if you want it you must obtain tit by great labour.” Traditional in this sense doesn’t mean mimicking other writer’s works, but rather suggests a mastery of other styles of writing. Eliot is brilliant in his ability and dexterity to shift the definition of traditional from repetitious/boring to disciplined/masterful.

Eliot then seems to be encouraging a poet to write so that “the timeless and… the temporal [come] together,” which would allow a writer to enter a historical canon of literature, and yet still represent “his own contemporaneity.” “This historical sense compels a man to write not merely with his own generation in his bones, but with a feeling that the whole of literature of Europe from Homer and within it the whole of literature of his own country has a simultaneous existence and composes a simultaneous order.”

3). “No poet, no artist of any art, has his complete meaning alone.” This quote is fairly self-explanatory. Aesthetically, for something new to enter this historical/literary canon it must be able to be defined and discussed with the same vocabulary that is used for previous types of art. Now this is where it gets interesting. Eliot goes on to say that “The past should be altered by the present as much as the present is directed by the past.” I think Eliot is encouraging artists to be forward-looking – like, poets should be striving to have individuality in their work, so that the past becomes contextualized by the present.

4). Conformity and individuality are not mutually exclusive, but rather, depend upon each other? I wasn’t sure of the meaning of this paragraph, but I think that’s the gist of it.

5). So. The purpose of this essay is finally clarified (I think? This might be a trap): “an intelligible exposition of the relation of the poet to the past.” Poets have the option to
a). “Take the past as a lump.” – Inadmissible
b). “Form himself wholly on one or two private admirations.” – An important experience of youth
c). “Form himself wholly on upon one preferred period.” – A pleasant and highly preferred supplement

d). What they should do, however, is realize that “Art never improves, but that the material of art is never quite the same.” So, to attempt a summation of the message Eliot is trying to convey: Poets need to know that all periods of art are equally important, and somehow be writing in the “conscious present.” Note to self: Try and do more research into what the “conscious present” entails and signifies.

“Someone said: ‘The dead writers are remote from us because we know so much more than they did’. Precisely, and they are that which we know.” Art becomes posited as less a deliberate individual exercise, but a natural and organic evolution, in which individual authorial bodies kindof start to have less agency over how their art is perceived. Art that belongs to a “pantheon” can never be created in a vacuum.

6). “What is to be insisted upon is that the poet must develop or procure the consciousness of the past and that he should continue to develop this consciousness throughout his career. What happens is a continual surrender of himself as he is at the moment to something which is more valuable. The progress of an artist is a continual self-sacrifice, a continual extinction of personality.”

So maybe my point that artists should be forward looking was wrong, and in fact they should self-sacrifice for this “present consciousness” in order to perpetuate the western literary tradition. —> The depersonalization of art in so that it may approach the condition of science.

Part Two:

1). Eliot works to disentangle the poet from his poetry. Technical skill that manifests itself within a poem should supersede a poet’s personality (either in real life, or the personality that evidences itself within a work). Our culture uses poets in order to further a prestige economy in which the ability to name-dropping becomes more proficient, or rather or more of a marker of education and class than actual appreciation of a poem.

2). The mind of the poet should be like platinum “inert, neutral, and unchanged.” The individual should separate “the man who suffers and the mind which creates”. Eliot is suggesting that poets should be able to produce/manufacture art irrespective of their emotional condition.

Feelings vs. Emotion – Not exactly sure what the difference between the two is, but I’m willing to make a conjecture and say one of them is more aesthetic. “The poet’s mind is in fact a receptacle for seizing and storing up numberless feelings, phrases, images, which remain there until all the particles which can unite to form a new compound are present together.”

3). Eliot values the intensity of the artistic process over the intensity of the end result. He argues that the impressions and experiences of the poet should not construct a poet’s poetry.

4). Under his formula, structural emotion (provided by drama) + floating feelings (having an affinity to this emotion by no mean superficially evident) = dominant tone = new art emotion. So conceivably, it’s not personal emotions of the poet that is remarkable or interesting, but rather the emotion in the poem that is complex. I need to revisit this paragraph, after his analysis of a stanza. Eliot makes a very tenable argument, that “one error of eccentricity in poetry is to seek for new human emotions to express; and in this search for novelty in the wrong place it discovers the perverse. The business of the poet is not to find new emotions, but to use the ordinary ones, and in working them up into poetry, to express feelings which are not in actually emotions at all.”

5). Eliot argues that good poetry should be a form of escapism. I actually really enjoyed that point. I think there is something healing about reading poetry as a way to escape from one’s life, although I’m sure there is therapeutic value as well in poetry that allows the reader to confront issues in their past.

“Both errors tend to make him ‘personal’. Poetry is not a turning loose of emotion, but an escape from emotion: it is not the expression of personality, but an escape from personality. But of course, only those who have personality and emotions know what it means to want to escape from these things.” Eliot is a little snarky – the way this sentence reads is like it’s almost pandering to the reader – it’s subtle, but I think it cheapens his overall argument. Implying that the reader, if s/he has emotions and personality, would agree with the contentions of his essay, is sort of facetious and I think almost shuts the text off from the type of critical thought it purports to encourage in the beginning of the essay, instead of beginning a genuine and powerful conversation about the intersectionality of tradition and the individual talent.

Part Three:

1). Eliot reveals that the point of his proposal to disentangle the poet from his poetry is to create a better and more useful way to evaluate poetry (what is good, or what he proposes to be good, and what is bad). Significant emotion is a more exacting, more strenuous, and a more valuable thing to achieve than sincere emotion or technical excellence. This “emotion has it’s life in the poem and not in the history of the poet.”

“The emotion of art is impersonal.”

2). The poet must be cognizant of the present as well as the past, in order to depersonalize his emotions and fully devote himself to his work. The present moment of the past (the conscious present) > the present.

Saussure attempts to create a difference between language and speech. From what I seem to understand language has specific boundaries that relate to “union of meanings and sound images”. Speech is intangible therefore more difficult to understand and interpret. Saussure demonstrates that language when written is tangible, and therefore can be studied separately ( Sausssure 850). He demonstrates important issues that come into the study of language. It is important to note how language and linguistics are essential to public. People do not think about the words we use in every day life therefore “prohibiting any research into its true nature” (Saussure 851). 

Saussure portrays the significant of the signs and the words we use to describe such signs. Everything that is involved in linguistics and language has significant meaning. The signs are just as important as the words we use everyday. The signs we use unites ” not a thing and a name but a concept and a sound image” (Saussure 852).  The importance of the sound and impact these words have on our daily lives give it meaning.  The symbol is another term for the signifier, due to the fact that we have given a certain object a specific meaning. They have a specific value.

Saussure wants to demonstrate that society has constructed words to specify a meaning and can be created by anyone. It is supposed to chain together what we think and the sounds we used to imitate an object. Saussure demonstrates that “one can neither divide sound from thought nor thought from sound” (857).  We create the different signs and sounds together and therefore give it a different meaning.